See cronyism on Wiktionary
{
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"t1": "close friend"
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"name": "suffix"
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],
"etymology_text": "From crony (“close friend”) + -ism (suffix forming names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons).",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crony"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crony capitalism"
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{
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{
"_dis1": "0 0",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0",
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{
"_dis1": "0 0",
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{
"_dis": "65 35",
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{
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974 September 19, Lawrence W[arren] Pierce, United States District Judge, “Memorandum Opinion and Order”, in John R. Patterson, et al., Plaintiffs, v Newspaper and Mail Deliverers’ Union of New York and Vicinity, et al., Defendants. […], page 23a:",
"text": "[T]he present structure of the collective bargaining agreement, combined with nepotism and cronyism and other abuses in employment and referral practices, have perpetuated the effects of the past discrimination, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1988, Norman H. Clark, “Booze and Politics, 1933–83”, in The Dry Years: Prohibition and Social Change in Washington, revised edition, Seattle, Wash., London: University of Washington Press, →ISBN, page 258:",
"text": "[Robert L.] Hagist began what he called an \"18 month reform program\" that included revised warehouse procedures and measures to prevent the leakages, shortages, cronyisms, and politicking attributed to the managers and clerks of the various stores.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990 April 4, Dick Armey, witness, Hearing on the Reauthorization of the National Endowment for the Arts and the Humanities: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session […] (Serial No. 101-78), volume 3, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 35:",
"text": "If we are going to reauthorize the National Endowment, we need to see to it that the Endowment, in its procedures, are open, one. […] That there is a cessation of a long-term practice of cronyisms on the panels so that artists across the Nation have equal access to this.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013 April, Randall G[regory] Holcombe, Andrea M. Castillo, “Communism”, in Liberalism and Cronyism: Two Rival Political and Economic Systems, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, →ISBN, page 31:",
"text": "[C]ommunism is predicated upon a central structure of economic command that is singularly entrusted with allocating resources and making economic decisions. Because of this centralized command structure, communist societies fall prey to the forces of cronyism and influence-peddling as commune members without economic power curry favor with commune leaders that control access to resources.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Thomas J. Gradel, Dick Simpson, “Suburban Scandals”, in Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality, Urbana; Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 117:",
"text": "Patronage, nepotism, cronyism, abuse of power, and criminal activity flourish, sometimes for decades, in numerous town halls, police stations, and special-purpose government agencies in the suburbs.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2024 May 4, Simon Tisdall, “Giorgia Meloni and Ursula von der Leyen, the double act that is steering the EU ever rightwards”, in The Observer, →ISSN:",
"text": "Critics accuse her [von der Leyen] of serious missteps over the pandemic, the Gaza war, alleged cronyism, – and of having a high-handed manner.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications; especially (politics), in their appointment to political positions."
],
"id": "en-cronyism-en-noun-tJ4FYBVC",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"Favouritism",
"favouritism"
],
[
"friends",
"friend#Noun"
],
[
"regard",
"regard#Noun"
],
[
"qualification",
"qualification"
],
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"appointment",
"appointment"
],
[
"political",
"political#Adjective"
],
[
"positions",
"position#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(originally US, derogatory) Favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications; especially (politics), in their appointment to political positions."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cronydom"
},
{
"word": "wasta"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"derogatory",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "wāsiṭa",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "وَاسِطَة"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "afb",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "wāṣṭa",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"Gulf-Arabic"
],
"word": "واسطة"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "裙帶關係"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qúndài guānxì",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "裙带关系"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "rènrénwéiqīn",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "任人唯亲"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "trafika"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vriendjespolitiek"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronyismi"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "hyvä veli -järjestelmä"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ystävien suosiminen"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "copinage"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "favoritisme"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "amiguismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "kronizmi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ქრონიზმი"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Ämterpatronage"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Freunderlwirtschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Günstlingswirtschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Klüngel"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Nepotismus"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Vetternwirtschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anaxiokratía",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "αναξιοκρατία"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "dostavād",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "दोस्तवाद"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "adok-kapok"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "protekció"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronisme"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepotismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"alt": "えんじゃびいき",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "enjabīki",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "縁者贔屓"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑmlañ niyum",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "សម្លាញ់និយម"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"alt": "情實主義",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jeongsiljuui",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "정실주의"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "vŕski",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "вр́ски"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kronízam",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крони́зам"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "nepotízam",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "непоти́зам"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronisme"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "xmf",
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"roman": "kronizmi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ქრონიზმი"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kameraderi"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "klikkvesen"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepotisme"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kameraderi"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "klikkevesen"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "klikkvesen"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepotisme"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "band-e \"pe\"",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "بند «پ»"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "dust-gomâri",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "دوستگماری"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "pârti-bâzi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "پارتی بازی"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "âšnâ-bâzi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "آشنابازی"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kolesiostwo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kumoterstwo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "amiguismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fisiologismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "favoritism"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kronízm",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крони́зм"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "blat",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "блат"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kumovstvó",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "кумовство́"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nepotízm",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "непоти́зм"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "amiguismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"Mexico",
"feminine"
],
"word": "cuatitud"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"politics",
"government"
],
"word": "dedocracia"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "enchufismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "favoritismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "influyentismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronism"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "nepotism"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svågerpolitik"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "vänskapskorruption"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kroniismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kroniyismo"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "ošnobozi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ошнобозӣ"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ahbap çavuş ilişkisi"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kronizm",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "кронізм"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kumívstvo",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "кумі́вство"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "dostavād",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "احباب پروری"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "chủ nghĩa thân hữu"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Corruption",
"orig": "en:Corruption",
"parents": [
"Crime",
"Politics",
"Criminal law",
"Society",
"Law",
"All topics",
"Justice",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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{
"ref": "1829 June 26, Robert Taylor, “Characterism of Leeds”, in The Lion, volume III, number 26, London: Richard Carlile, […], →OCLC, page 813:",
"text": "[T]he preacher […] was reading to them the duty of loving one another as Christians, But only particularly and exclusively were they to love one another \"as Christians,\" that is as confederates and caballers together in a particular interest, distinct from that of the great family of mankind; […] The benefit to themselves from this Free-masonry sectarian cronyism, (for which the uninitiated world is so much obliged to them) was, to be, that […] [t]he spirit of God was to bear witness with their spirits, and to settle the matter of faith with a degree of conviction, that should render reason superfluous and inquiry unnecessary.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1840, Leigh Hunt, “English and French Females. Their Costumes and Bearing.”, in The Seer; or, Common-places Refreshed. […], part I, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 73, column 1:",
"text": "Our friend the Old Crony, we see, for all his connoisseurship and crony-ism, his regard for a certain piquancy of perfection in the French dress and walk, and his wish that his fair countrywomen would \"take steps\" after their fashion, cannot get rid of the preference in which he was brought up for the beauty of the English countenance.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1841], “a mother” [pseudonym], “Peculiar Duties of Wives in Various Stations of Life”, in The Young Wife; or, Hints to Married Daughters. […], London: The Religious Tract Society, →OCLC, page 123:",
"text": "She [the minister's wife] is warned against being drawn into excessive attachments, engrossing intimacies, low and gossiping cronyism, all intermeddling with tales and talebearers, with family breaches, with partisanship, and with ecclesiastical jurisdiction.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1854, George Redford, John Angell James, “Part II. Supplement to the Autobiography of the Rev. William Jay.”, in George Redford, John Angell James, editors, The Autobiography of the Rev. William Jay; […], London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co., […], →OCLC, page 223:",
"text": "[H]e [William Jay] observed, that there were two things which caused religious servants to be too generally disliked. The first was their fondness for religious gossiping, or cronyism, which made them regardless of their time, &c.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1860], [Renton Nicholson], chapter XVIII, in The Lord Chief Baron Nicholson. An Autobiography, London: George Vickers, […], →OCLC, page 183:",
"text": "Pea-green Hayne was one of my most intimate friends; we occupied rooms vis à vis, and made prison life more than endurable by affectionate cronyism.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1869, Mortimer Collins, “Double Entanglement”, in The Ivory Gate. […], volume I, London: Hurst and Blackett, […], →OCLC, page 222:",
"text": "And the Englishman and Irishman went off together in a state of thorough cronyism, the former imagining that he had quite taken in his companion, and entertaining no suspicion that it was rather the other way.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The condition of being friends; friendship; also, the ability or inclination to make friends."
],
"id": "en-cronyism-en-noun-CDPzQArK",
"links": [
[
"condition",
"condition#Noun"
],
[
"friendship",
"friendship"
],
[
"ability",
"ability"
],
[
"inclination",
"inclination"
],
[
"make",
"make#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) The condition of being friends; friendship; also, the ability or inclination to make friends."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 96",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "ability or inclination to make friends",
"word": "kyky saada ystäviä"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹəʊnɪɪz(ə)m/",
"tags": [
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},
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹoʊniˌɪzəm/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "croneyism"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Jameson Grant",
"Tolpuddle Martyrs"
],
"word": "cronyism"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (cut)",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-mos",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-mós",
"English terms suffixed with -ism",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for gender in Gulf Arabic entries",
"Requests for gender in Hindi entries",
"Requests for gender in Swedish entries",
"Requests for gender in Ukrainian entries",
"Requests for gender in Urdu entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Gulf Arabic translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Mingrelian translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Urdu translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:Corruption"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)ker-",
"4": "*-mos",
"5": "*-mós",
"id": "cut"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "suffix",
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crony",
"3": "ism",
"pos2": "suffix forming names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons",
"t1": "close friend"
},
"expansion": "crony (“close friend”) + -ism (suffix forming names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons)",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From crony (“close friend”) + -ism (suffix forming names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cronyisms",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "cronyism (countable and uncountable, plural cronyisms)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"cro‧ny‧i‧sm"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "crony"
},
{
"word": "crony capitalism"
},
{
"word": "cronydom"
},
{
"word": "cronyish"
},
{
"word": "cronyist"
},
{
"word": "cronyistic"
},
{
"word": "cronynomics"
},
{
"word": "old boy network"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"English derogatory terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Politics"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974 September 19, Lawrence W[arren] Pierce, United States District Judge, “Memorandum Opinion and Order”, in John R. Patterson, et al., Plaintiffs, v Newspaper and Mail Deliverers’ Union of New York and Vicinity, et al., Defendants. […], page 23a:",
"text": "[T]he present structure of the collective bargaining agreement, combined with nepotism and cronyism and other abuses in employment and referral practices, have perpetuated the effects of the past discrimination, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1988, Norman H. Clark, “Booze and Politics, 1933–83”, in The Dry Years: Prohibition and Social Change in Washington, revised edition, Seattle, Wash., London: University of Washington Press, →ISBN, page 258:",
"text": "[Robert L.] Hagist began what he called an \"18 month reform program\" that included revised warehouse procedures and measures to prevent the leakages, shortages, cronyisms, and politicking attributed to the managers and clerks of the various stores.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990 April 4, Dick Armey, witness, Hearing on the Reauthorization of the National Endowment for the Arts and the Humanities: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session […] (Serial No. 101-78), volume 3, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 35:",
"text": "If we are going to reauthorize the National Endowment, we need to see to it that the Endowment, in its procedures, are open, one. […] That there is a cessation of a long-term practice of cronyisms on the panels so that artists across the Nation have equal access to this.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013 April, Randall G[regory] Holcombe, Andrea M. Castillo, “Communism”, in Liberalism and Cronyism: Two Rival Political and Economic Systems, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, →ISBN, page 31:",
"text": "[C]ommunism is predicated upon a central structure of economic command that is singularly entrusted with allocating resources and making economic decisions. Because of this centralized command structure, communist societies fall prey to the forces of cronyism and influence-peddling as commune members without economic power curry favor with commune leaders that control access to resources.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Thomas J. Gradel, Dick Simpson, “Suburban Scandals”, in Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality, Urbana; Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 117:",
"text": "Patronage, nepotism, cronyism, abuse of power, and criminal activity flourish, sometimes for decades, in numerous town halls, police stations, and special-purpose government agencies in the suburbs.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2024 May 4, Simon Tisdall, “Giorgia Meloni and Ursula von der Leyen, the double act that is steering the EU ever rightwards”, in The Observer, →ISSN:",
"text": "Critics accuse her [von der Leyen] of serious missteps over the pandemic, the Gaza war, alleged cronyism, – and of having a high-handed manner.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications; especially (politics), in their appointment to political positions."
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"Favouritism",
"favouritism"
],
[
"friends",
"friend#Noun"
],
[
"regard",
"regard#Noun"
],
[
"qualification",
"qualification"
],
[
"politics",
"politics"
],
[
"appointment",
"appointment"
],
[
"political",
"political#Adjective"
],
[
"positions",
"position#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(originally US, derogatory) Favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications; especially (politics), in their appointment to political positions."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cronydom"
},
{
"word": "wasta"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"derogatory",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1829 June 26, Robert Taylor, “Characterism of Leeds”, in The Lion, volume III, number 26, London: Richard Carlile, […], →OCLC, page 813:",
"text": "[T]he preacher […] was reading to them the duty of loving one another as Christians, But only particularly and exclusively were they to love one another \"as Christians,\" that is as confederates and caballers together in a particular interest, distinct from that of the great family of mankind; […] The benefit to themselves from this Free-masonry sectarian cronyism, (for which the uninitiated world is so much obliged to them) was, to be, that […] [t]he spirit of God was to bear witness with their spirits, and to settle the matter of faith with a degree of conviction, that should render reason superfluous and inquiry unnecessary.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1840, Leigh Hunt, “English and French Females. Their Costumes and Bearing.”, in The Seer; or, Common-places Refreshed. […], part I, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 73, column 1:",
"text": "Our friend the Old Crony, we see, for all his connoisseurship and crony-ism, his regard for a certain piquancy of perfection in the French dress and walk, and his wish that his fair countrywomen would \"take steps\" after their fashion, cannot get rid of the preference in which he was brought up for the beauty of the English countenance.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1841], “a mother” [pseudonym], “Peculiar Duties of Wives in Various Stations of Life”, in The Young Wife; or, Hints to Married Daughters. […], London: The Religious Tract Society, →OCLC, page 123:",
"text": "She [the minister's wife] is warned against being drawn into excessive attachments, engrossing intimacies, low and gossiping cronyism, all intermeddling with tales and talebearers, with family breaches, with partisanship, and with ecclesiastical jurisdiction.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1854, George Redford, John Angell James, “Part II. Supplement to the Autobiography of the Rev. William Jay.”, in George Redford, John Angell James, editors, The Autobiography of the Rev. William Jay; […], London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co., […], →OCLC, page 223:",
"text": "[H]e [William Jay] observed, that there were two things which caused religious servants to be too generally disliked. The first was their fondness for religious gossiping, or cronyism, which made them regardless of their time, &c.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "[1860], [Renton Nicholson], chapter XVIII, in The Lord Chief Baron Nicholson. An Autobiography, London: George Vickers, […], →OCLC, page 183:",
"text": "Pea-green Hayne was one of my most intimate friends; we occupied rooms vis à vis, and made prison life more than endurable by affectionate cronyism.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1869, Mortimer Collins, “Double Entanglement”, in The Ivory Gate. […], volume I, London: Hurst and Blackett, […], →OCLC, page 222:",
"text": "And the Englishman and Irishman went off together in a state of thorough cronyism, the former imagining that he had quite taken in his companion, and entertaining no suspicion that it was rather the other way.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
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"condition#Noun"
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"friendship"
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"ability"
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],
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"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) The condition of being friends; friendship; also, the ability or inclination to make friends."
],
"tags": [
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"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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"tags": [
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"tags": [
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],
"word": "croneyism"
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"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "wāsiṭa",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "وَاسِطَة"
},
{
"code": "afb",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "wāṣṭa",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"Gulf-Arabic"
],
"word": "واسطة"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "裙帶關係"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qúndài guānxì",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "裙带关系"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "rènrénwéiqīn",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "任人唯亲"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "trafika"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vriendjespolitiek"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronyismi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "hyvä veli -järjestelmä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ystävien suosiminen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "copinage"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "favoritisme"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "amiguismo"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "kronizmi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ქრონიზმი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Ämterpatronage"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Freunderlwirtschaft"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Günstlingswirtschaft"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Klüngel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Nepotismus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Vetternwirtschaft"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anaxiokratía",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "αναξιοκρατία"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "dostavād",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "दोस्तवाद"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "adok-kapok"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "protekció"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronisme"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepotismo"
},
{
"alt": "えんじゃびいき",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "enjabīki",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "縁者贔屓"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "sɑmlañ niyum",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "សម្លាញ់និយម"
},
{
"alt": "情實主義",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jeongsiljuui",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "정실주의"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "vŕski",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "вр́ски"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kronízam",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крони́зам"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "nepotízam",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "непоти́зам"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronisme"
},
{
"code": "xmf",
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"roman": "kronizmi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ქრონიზმი"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kameraderi"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "klikkvesen"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepotisme"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kameraderi"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "klikkevesen"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "klikkvesen"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepotisme"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "band-e \"pe\"",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "بند «پ»"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "dust-gomâri",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "دوستگماری"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "pârti-bâzi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "پارتی بازی"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "âšnâ-bâzi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "آشنابازی"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kolesiostwo"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "kumoterstwo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "amiguismo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fisiologismo"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "favoritism"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kronízm",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крони́зм"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "blat",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "блат"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kumovstvó",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "кумовство́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nepotízm",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "непоти́зм"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "amiguismo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"Mexico",
"feminine"
],
"word": "cuatitud"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"politics",
"government"
],
"word": "dedocracia"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "enchufismo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "favoritismo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "influyentismo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronism"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "nepotism"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "svågerpolitik"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "vänskapskorruption"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kroniismo"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kronismo"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "kroniyismo"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "ošnobozi",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ошнобозӣ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "ahbap çavuş ilişkisi"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kronizm",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "кронізм"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kumívstvo",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "кумі́вство"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "dostavād",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "احباب پروری"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "favouritism to friends without regard for their qualifications",
"word": "chủ nghĩa thân hữu"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "ability or inclination to make friends",
"word": "kyky saada ystäviä"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Charles Jameson Grant",
"Tolpuddle Martyrs"
],
"word": "cronyism"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cronyism meaning in All languages combined (23.1kB)
{
"called_from": "page/2386",
"msg": "inconsistent language codes nb vs no in translation item: 't' {1: 'no', 2: 'nepotisme', 3: 'm'}",
"path": [
"cronyism",
"t"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cronyism",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.